1965 Ham License Answers

Novice:

1. Question #9: What method of frequency control is required to be used in the transmitter of a station licensed to the holder of a Novice Class License? The frequency must be crystal-controlled.
2. Question #13: What is the maximum permissible percentage of modulation of an amateur radiotelephone station? 100%
3. Question #17: What is the relationship between a fundamental frequency and its second harmonic; its third harmonic, etc.? The second harmonic is twice the frequency of the fundamental, the third harmonic is three times the fundamental frequency, and so on. A harmonic is always related to its fundamental frequency by an integral multiplier; i.e., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.
4. Question #23: How is the actual power input to the tube or tubes supplying energy to the antenna of an amateur transmitter determined? The input power is determined by measuring the direct-current plate oltage and the d.c. plate current to the tubes in the final stage in the transmitter. The power input is equal to the plate voltage multiplied by the plate current in amperes.
5. Question #27: What is meant by a "parasitic" oscillation? A parasitic oscillation is one not essential to the operation of the equipment and usually occurring on a frequency considerably removed from the operating frequency.

General:

1. Question #1: Name the basic units of:
   • electrical resistance - ohm
   • inductance - henry
   • capacitance - farad
   • current - ampere
   • electromotive force or potential difference - volt (electromotive force is a fancy term for "voltage")
   • power - watt
   • energy - joule
   • quantity - coulomb
   • magneto-motive force - gilbert
   • frequency - cycles-per-second, or cycles (nowadays known as "hertz")
    
2. Question #10: What is the principal reason for using a filter in a plate power-supply system? The principal reason for using a filter in a plate power-supply system is to smooth out the a.c. ripple component in the output and make it "pure d.c."
3. Question #19: What undesirable effects may result from operation of an unneutralized triode r.f. amplifier in a transmitter? Self-oscillation may result, with consequent radiation on undesired frequencies, possibly outside an amateur band.
4. Question #69: What is meant by a "doubler" stage? A vacuum-type circuit in which the output circuit is tuned to twice or doube the frequency of the input circuit.
5. Question #71: What is the reciprocal of resistance? Conductance, measured in mhos ("ohms" spelled backwards)
6. Question #106: What precaution should be taken to protect filter capacitors connected in series? Resistors having a value of approximately 100,000 ohms should be shunted across each capacitor to equalize the d.c. voltage drops and thus prevent breakdown of the individual capacitors.

Extra:

1. Question #4: What factors determine the core losses in a transformer? Core losses are one of two types, hysteresis and eddy-current losses. Hysteresis losses vary with the type and volume of iron or steel used in the core and with the operating frequency and magnetic flux density. Eddy-current losses vary with the volume and resistance of the core material, the thickness of the laminations, and frequency and the flux density.
2. Question #7: In a Class-C r.f. amplifier, what ratio of load impedance to dynamic plate impedance will give the greatest plate efficiency? The highest possible load impedance will give the greatest efficiency, since the ratio of the power in the load to power lost in the plate becomes larger as the ratio of load impedance is increased. However, under these conditions, the power output is relatively small.
3. Question #12: During 100 percent sinusoidal amplitude modulation, what percentage of the average output power is in the sidebands? 33 1/3% The average power output would increase 50% with such modulation; i.e., a 100-watt unmodulated carrier output would rise to 150 watts. Sidebands carry the excess of 50 watts, which is 1/3 the total.
4. Question #25: What are synchronizing pulses as used in television transmitters and receivers? Synchronizing pulses used in television transmitters and receivers are pulses of extremely short duration which ensure that trace lines across the face of the picture tube in the receiver are synchronized with the trace lines in the television camera.
5. Question #34: What determines the operating frequency of a magnetron oscillator? Its dimensions and the electric and magnetic field intensities; also, the associated circuit constants.
6. Question #46: If the conductors in a 2-wire r.f. transmission line are replaced by larger conductors, how is the surge impedance affected, assuming no change in the center-to-center spacing of the conductor? The surge impedance is lowered.
7. Question #63: What is the purpose of the mosaic plate in a television camera? To what item of photographic equipment is it similar in function? To store an electrical image corresponding to the visual image focused upon it, for later scanning by an electron beam to translate the electrical image into a television signal. Its function is similar to that of the film in a photographic camera, which similarly stores the image for later development.
8. Question #92: What are the "Baudot" and "Seven Unit" codes? How are they used? Both are used in teleprinter operation. Baudot used with synchronous printers, 7-unit with start-stop printers. Each transmitted character has assigned to it a fixed time interval divided into units, 5 for Baudot and 7 for 7-unit teletype. A particular character is distinguished by a unique combination of mark and space units in that particular codes being used in all cases.
9. Question #120: What is the meaning of the term "frequency swing" in reference to frequency-modulation transmitters? The peak difference between the maximum and minimum values of the instantaneous frequency.
10. Question #136: What is the ohms per volt of a voltmeter constructed of a 0-1 d.c. milliammeter and a suitable resistor which makes the full-scale reading of the meter 500 volts? 1000 ohms per volt.
11. Question #181: What is meant by low-level modulation? That applied to an early or intermediate stage of a transmitter (instead of to the final amplifier) i.e., at a point where the power level is comparatively low.
12. Question #204: State where antenna impedance is usually measured. At the point where the antenna is fed. The value so measured is frequently converted into an equivalent value at a current loop.
13. Question #219: Define a "back-wave" and explain what causes it. A signal emitted during key-up conditions. In make-break keying, it may be caused by energy from unkeyed exciter stages leaking through a keyed amplifier (because of improper neutralizations, etc.) or by parasitic oscillation. In frequency-shift keying the "space" signal in the back-wave.

Could you pass the 1965 Ham License exam?

1965 ARRL FCC
License Manual

I was at an estate sale a couple of weeks back and came across a couple of books that got my attention, The Radio Amateur's License Manual and How to Become a Radio Amateur. Unfortunately I didn't get to find out the callsign of whoever it was that had the books.

The license manual covered all of the classes of licenses available at the time: Novice, Technician, General, Conditional (same as General but test taken by mail), Advanced (not available to new applicants), and Extra.


As I scoped out the book, I found some interesting rules that the FCC enforced at the time:

• If you wanted to take the test or renew, you paid $4, and it was good for 5 years. If you changed your address, it was $2.
• Callsigns must be transmitted at the beginning of each transmission, every 10 minutes, and at the end of each transmission (currently hams don't need to identify at the beginning).
• Novices retained their callsigns for a year and must upgrade.
• Hams violating FCC rules faced a $500 fine per day during which the offense occurs.
• Logs were kept of each QSO and must show:
  •  Date & time of transmission  
  •  Signature of each operator
  •  Call of the station contacted
  • Power
  • Frequency
  • Emission type
  • Location
  • Message traffic handled

• Hams had to notify the FCC Engineer-in-Charge if they intended to operate mobile longer than 48 hours.
• If an applicant failed an exam, they had to wait 30 days to re-take the exam.
• The book cost 50 cents, and included the FCC Part 97 rules and regulations.

The other manual
I bought

Some rules have obviously changed. 

What struck me even more was that many of the questions from the Novice/General/Extra questions were pretty tough. Even with my electronics education and background, it was amazing how intricate many of the questions were. Unlike today's question pools, the 1965 pool did not include multiple choice answers with the wrong answers included, but the exams were multiple choice. It also wanted the reader to draw out certain circuits.

So here are some sample questions in the Novice, General, and Extra class exam pool. See how many you can answer. I'll post the correct answers in 24 hours:

Novice:

1. Question #9: What method of frequency control is required to be used in the transmitter of a station licensed to the holder of a Novice Class License?
2. Question #13: What is the maximum permissible percentage of modulation of an amateur radiotelephone station?
3. Question #17: What is the relationship between a fundamental frequency and its second harmonic; its third harmonic, etc.?
4. Question #23: How is the actual power input to the tube or tubes supplying energy to the antenna of an amateur transmitter determined?
5. Question #27: What is meant by a "parasitic" oscillation?

General:

1. Question #1: Name the basic units of:
   • electrical resistance
   • inductance
   • capacitance
   • current
   • electromotive force or potential difference
   • power
   • energy
   • quantity
   • magneto-motive force
   • frequency
    
2. Question #10: What is the principal reason for using a filter in a plate power-supply system?
3. Question #19: What undesirable effects may result from operation of an unneutralized triode r.f. amplifier in a transmitter?
4. Question #69: What is meant by a "doubler" stage?
5. Question #71: What is the reciprocal of resistance?
6. Question #106: What precaution should be taken to protect filter capacitors connected in series?

Extra:

1. Question #4: What factors determine the core losses in a transformer?
2. Question #7: In a Class-C r.f. amplifier, what ratio of load impedance to dynamic plate impedance will give the greatest plate efficiency?
3. Question #12: During 100 percent sinusoidal amplitude modulation, what percentage of the average output power is in the sidebands?
4. Question #25: What are synchronizing pulses as used in television transmitters and receivers?
5. Question #34: What determines the operating frequency of a magnetron oscillator?
6. Question #46: If the conductors in a 2-wire r.f. transmission line are replaced by larger conductors, how is the surge impedance affected, assuming no change in the center-to-center spacing of the conductor?
7. Question #63: What is the purpose of the mosaic plate in a television camera? To what item of photographic equipment is it similar in function?
8. Question #92: What are the "Baudot" and "Seven Unit" codes? How are they used?
9. Question #120: What is the meaning of the term "frequency swing" in reference to frequency-modulation transmitters?
10. Question #136: What is the ohms per volt of a voltmeter constructed of a 0-1 d.c. milliammeter and a suitable resistor which makes the full-scale reading of the meter 500 volts?
11. Question #181: What is meant by low-level modulation?
12. Question #204: State where antenna impedance is usually measured.
13. Question #219: Define a "back-wave" and explain what causes it.

Knoxville Hamfest roundup: HT's and a little good fortune...and a purse?

I debated a couple weeks back whether or not to go to the Knoxville Hamfest. I wasn't sure if the family would go, or if I would even have the money to spend.

I decided to go after all, and after scraping up a few bucks, took the family to the hamfest. I put up a couple of unused radios up for sale thanks to my friend Tim (KE4OTZ) who loaned me some tailgate space.

Lauren had a good time (playing her Nintendo DS), and even got lucky at the prize booth, having been selected for the first hourly prize. She won 4 PL-259 connectors. I'm sure I will...err...she will make good use of them...

I sold two radios. One was my Yaesu FT-50R (not the 90, like I originally posted before) and an out-of-order FT-5100 I had bought off eBay a few years ago. I'd always wanted the 5100 (or its sister, the 5200 with detachable faceplate) but when I picked up this radio, I had trouble from the start. It apparently had been modified to transmit and receive out of band, but the radio needed a sequence of buttons pressed in order to enable the radio to work in the modified state. To make matters more complicated, the onboard battery was dead, so if I shut the power off, it would reset into its original state, and the sequence would need to be repeated. This, among other things (like accidentally dropping it while trying to troubleshoot it, leading some of the buttons needed to enable to mod to be stuck), led me to sell it "for parts".

But it wasn't a complete sell-off, as I took the money made on the two radios and bought my second Wouxun KG-UV2D. I sold the FT-50R and bought the Wouxun instead for Lauren to use as her radio for a couple of reasons. One is that it was easier for her to use than the Yaesu, and also I could clone the two radios with the same memories and settings so that I can show her how to use the radio and to make it easier to find frequencies to talk on.

I also scored a killing on some old ICOM radios. I was told by Tim that a tailgater was selling some ICOM 220 radios for $10 so naturally I had to check it out. I went over across from Tim's table in the "boneyard" and the guy said he had not one, not two, but three IC-2AT's (2m HTs) and an IC-3AT (the 220 HT) for sale, along with a drop-in charger, and a couple of battery packs for $15. The catch: He hadn't used them in YEARS and didn't know if they still worked. I figured for $15 I'd take a chance.

But I think it was Amber who got away with the item of the day. One vendor was selling, of all things...purses. So naturally Amber HAD to have one...but these were not just any purse. They had interchangeable "skins" so that she can mix and match! The price was not that bad...for a purse. And it took some wrangling with mom and dad, along with promise after promise to take care of the animals, water the plants, clean the room, etc. But Jes and I had to reward her good grades in school, so we fell for it. I must say, over the last two weeks, she's been using it. And she's promised Lauren she'd have her time with it as well.

After getting home from the hamfest I decided to put the ICOM HTs to the test, so I plugged in the drop-in charger and the battery packs and waited...and waited...and waited...

I started with the IC-3AT. After all, it was the big prize in the stack. As soon as I turned on the radio, the sound of static crackled the radio back from it's long slumber. It works! On receive at least...

I quickly reacquainted myself with the settings of the "brick" and scoured for a repeater to key up. I anxiously spun the thumbwheels of the VFO at the top of the radio and keyed up. NOTHING. No kerchunk, no morse code ID of the repeater...just silence. I looked on the back of the radio near the belt clip and the damned thing was still on SIMPLEX. A quick flick of the switch over to "duplex" and and quick key of the mic, and I hear "daaah dit dit......dit......." as the repeater ID'ed over the transistor-radio-style speaker of my newly-found treasure.

The 2-meter IC-2AT's were not as fortunate. While they all power on and receive, they do not transmit, except one, but it was so scratchy and noisy, I gather it's not going to last much longer. Still, for $15, I snap up at least one gem out of the bunch!

Now, unlike these ridiculous "pickers" shows that are now infesting basic cable, I did not think about turning around and running a ridiculous profit and then bragging about it to ever-increasing audiences, and yes, before I hear about it, I've watched a few episodes. I knew my friend Jason (KF4VDX) was in need of a 220 radio and couldn't afford one, not even the Wouxun dual-bander I just bought. He was a recently appointed SKYWARN coordinator, and I knew he'd need one, since the National Weather Service office in Morristown was using 220 to coordinate with several of the regional net control stations.

So last Saturday, as we got together to prepare to go to a Field Day site, I brought the ICOMs out to him. He's been working odd jobs to repair radio equipment so I figured he might be able to make use of the "receive-only" 2 meters bricks, and he'd get a 220 radio to tinker with and hopefully get some mileage out of it. The least I could do, and the IC-3AT would get used rather than collect more dust in my house. To me, it was money well spent.

Overall it was a worthwhile hamfest. I got rid of a couple of radios I didn't need, bought one Lauren could use, and gave a good friend of mine some much-needed equipment for his hamshack.

Glad I went.

40m long delay radio echo reported

Saw this on Spaceweather.com:

It's not uncommon for hams to hear themselves a second or two after they transmit on HF as their signal propagates around the world and then comes back on the "backside" of their antenna. It's even been reported that hams have heard their own voice come back 2, even 3 times.

But one ham in Germany recorded hearing his own CW transmissions an astonishing 46 seconds after sending them!

Peter Brogl, DK6NP, experienced this rare and little-known phenomenon (known as long-delay echo, or "LDE") on Nov. 27 on 7 MHz and managed to record the echoes.

The reasons for LDE's are unknown, although many theories exist as to their cause.

The new "Morse code"?

I get all sorts of interesting emails from the sons of Nigerian royalty (at least one a day), but this one really made me laugh:

The Desk Of,
Mr. Samuel Morse
Fund Manager,
Fidelity International, UK .
+44 7045703892

I feel quite safe dealing with you in this important business. Though,

this medium (Internet) has been greatly abused, I choose to reach you

through it because it still remains the fastest medium of communication.

Do accept my sincere apologies if my mail does not meet your personal
ethics. I knew that this mail will come to you as a surprise, but please do not
be discouraged with my proposal, it was due to how things are moving
with me, and then I decided to write to you when I saw your contact information in a
directory.

However, this correspondence is unofficial and private, and it should
be treated as such. At first I will like to assure you that this transaction is
100% risk and trouble free to both parties.

My name is Mr. Samuel Morse, a Fund Manager with Fidelity Investment,
UK. I handle all our Investors Capital Project Funds which enabled me to
divert 1.2% of Investors Excess Return Capital Funds to our Magellan Trust Funds
Account where anyone can be presented to claim the funds.

Total sum of Fifteen Million, Seven Hundred and Forty Five Thousand
British Pounds (15.745.000) GBP has been diverted, representing 1.2% of Excess
Return Capital Funds from the Investor Capital Project Funds for 2006/2007
fiscal year.

I need a reliable and trustworthy person with whom I can work this
deal out so that we can claim the funds as mentioned above.

There is no risk attached and the funds in question can never be
dictated or traced.

Sincerely,
Mr. Samuel Morse

I would've thought I'd have received it as follows:

- .... . / -.. . ... -.- / --- ..-. --..-- -- .-. .-.-.- / ... .- -- ..- . .-.. / -- --- .-. ... . ..-. ..- -. -.. / -- .- -. .- --. . .-. --..-- ..-. .. -.. . .-.. .. - -.-- / .. -. - . .-. -. .- - .. --- -. .- .-.. --..-- / ..- -.- / .-.-.- .-.-. ....- ....- / --... ----- ....- ..... --... ----- ...-- ---.. ----. ..--- .. / ..-. . . .-.. / --.- ..- .. - . / ... .- ..-. . / -.. . .- .-.. .. -. --. / .-- .. - .... / -.-- --- ..- / .. -. / - .... .. ... / .. -- .--. --- .-. - .- -. - / -... ..- ... .. -. . ... ... .-.-.- / - .... --- ..- --. .... --..-- / - .... .. ... / -- . -.. .. ..- -- / -.--. .. -. - . .-. -. . - -.--.- / .... .- ... / -... . . -. / --. .-. . .- - .-.. -.-- / .- -... ..- ... . -.. --..-- / .. / -.-. .... --- --- ... . / - --- / .-. . .- -.-. .... / -.-- --- ..- / - .... .-. --- ..- --. .... / .. - / -... . -.-. .- ..- ... . / .. - / ... - .. .-.. .-.. / .-. . -- .- .. -. ... / - .... . / ..-. .- ... - . ... - / -- . -.. .. ..- -- / --- ..-. / -.-. --- -- -- ..- -. .. -.-. .- - 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--- .-. ... / -.-. .- .--. .. - .- .-.. / .--. .-. --- .--- . -.-. - / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / .-- .... .. -.-. .... / . -. .- -... .-.. . -.. / -- . / - --- / -.. .. ...- . .-. - / .---- .-.-.- ..--- .--. . .-. -.-. . -. - / --- ..-. / .. -. ...- . ... - --- .-. ... / . -..- -.-. . ... ... / .-. . - ..- .-. -. / -.-. .- .--. .. - .- .-.. / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / - --- / --- ..- .-. / -- .- --. . .-.. .-.. .- -. / - .-. ..- ... - / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / .- -.-. -.-. --- ..- -. - / .-- .... . .-. . / .- -. -.-- --- -. . / -.-. .- -. / -... . / .--. .-. . ... . -. - . -.. / - --- / -.-. .-.. .- .. -- / - .... . / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... .-.-.- - --- - .- .-.. / ... ..- -- / --- ..-. / ..-. .. ..-. - . . -. / -- .. .-.. .-.. .. --- -. --..-- / ... . ...- . -. / .... ..- -. -.. .-. . -.. / .- -. -.. / ..-. --- .-. - -.-- / ..-. .. ...- . / - .... --- ..- ... .- -. -.. / -... .-. .. - .. ... .... / .--. --- ..- -. -.. ... / -.--. .---- ..... .-.-.- --... ....- ..... .-.-.- ----- ----- ----- -.--.- / --. -... .--. / .... .- ... / -... . . -. / -.. .. ...- . .-. - . -.. --..-- / .-. . .--. .-. . ... . -. - .. -. --. / .---- .-.-.- ..--- .--. . .-. -.-. . -. - / --- ..-. / . -..- -.-. . ... ... / .-. . - ..- .-. -. / -.-. .- .--. .. - .- .-.. / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / ..-. .-. --- -- / - .... . / .. -. ...- . ... - --- .-. / -.-. .- .--. .. - .- .-.. / .--. .-. --- .--- . -.-. - / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / ..-. --- .-. / ..--- ----- ----- -.... -..-. ..--- ----- ----- --... / ..-. .. ... -.-. .- .-.. / -.-- . .- .-. .-.-.- .. / -. . . -.. / .- / .-. . .-.. .. .- -... .-.. . / .- -. -.. / - .-. ..- ... - .-- --- .-. - .... -.-- / .--. . .-. ... --- -. / .-- .. - .... / .-- .... --- -- / .. / -.-. .- -. / .-- --- .-. -.- / - .... .. ... / -.. . .- .-.. / --- ..- - / ... --- / - .... .- - / .-- . / -.-. .- -. / -.-. .-.. .- .. -- / - .... . / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / .- ... / -- . -. - .. --- -. . -.. / .- -... --- ...- . .-.-.- - .... . .-. . / .. ... / -. --- / .-. .. ... -.- / .- - - .- -.-. .... . -.. / .- -. -.. / - .... . / ..-. ..- -. -.. ... / .. -. / --.- ..- . ... - .. --- -. / -.-. .- -. / -. . ...- . .-. / -... . / -.. .. -.-. - .- - . -.. / --- .-. / - .-. .- -.-. . -.. .-.-.- ... .. -. -.-. . .-. . .-.. -.-- --..-- -- .-. .-.-.- / ... .- -- ..- . .-.. / -- --- .-. ... .

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*whew*

Up until now I thought the funniest one was of the Nigerian astronaut stuck up in space for 14 years (who knew?) but this ranks a close 2nd.

And to think, all this time I thought Morse was a painter and an inventor, not an accountant...I even thought he was dead, but I see it's on the internet so it must be true...

And just to be sure, the letter I received is often referred to as a "419 scam", named because of the Nigerian penal code dealing with such fraud.

Unfortunately the Nigerian government doesn't look at these types of issues with utmost priority, and Nigeria's reputation as a corrupt country is only exacerbated by these rampant emails by organized crime bosses or even corrupt politicians.

What's even more ridiculous is that there are people who actually buy into these scams, thinking they've been chosen by fate out of millions of others out there to help facilitate the laundering of money in exchange for a fee.

There's some who get conned into thinking they've won the Canadian lottery and can get their winnings expedited through customs for "modest fees" of thousands of dollars. How could you have won when you didn't even enter?

It just goes to show that if it's too good to be true...

Morse Code keyer manufacturer moving to Knoxville

Today I found that Scott Robbins, W4PA was buying Vibroplex and moving the company here to Knoxville.

I met Scott at a RACK meeting several years back. He was working at Ten-Tec and was notorious as a contester (before retiring last year).

He was the guest speaker and gave an example recording showing how he can use two radios simultaneously to make contacts during contests. While tuning with one radio, he's making a contact on another. I don't know what he did for writing down the contacts...

It's good to know that there's some economic boost around here. Even if it's "ancient technology". Wonder if he's hiring?